tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10334732496048180232024-02-19T07:24:12.412-08:00Battery SimulatorAccel Instrumentshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08629384807256494569noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1033473249604818023.post-32320244623938131082016-05-25T14:40:00.000-07:002016-07-22T21:59:38.665-07:00Battery Emulator<h2>
Battery Emulator Tests Charger and Cell-Balance</h2>
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Mobile phones need considerable testing during their design
stage to make sure that their batteries and charger circuits operate in the
right way. A <i>battery emulator</i> or sometimes called simulator has the capacity to
supply these kinds of tests which are not easily provided by the use of the
actual batteries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In order to operate appropriately, battery-powered portable
systems depend on their batteries themselves and the chargers. However, making
use of actual batteries isn't going to allow design engineers to easily do a
complete check of the operation of the system with its battery as well as its
charger. A device that can help remedy this matter for designers is the emulator
that can replace the actual battery throughout testing. This simulator helps
save time and is also crucial to test performance throughout production and
throughout system development. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The types of batteries which are commonly seen in today's
mobile systems are lithium-ion (lithium-ion), lithium-polymer, lithium-iron
phosphate, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride, and lead-acid. The most
popular kind of battery at the moment is the rechargeable lithium-ion type.
This is because it creates more power for its weight (high energy density). <o:p></o:p></div>
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A battery emulator/simulator provides required power,
current, and voltage to the system being tested with no visible distinction
from the real battery. A full-function simulator is able to easily source and
sink current. Even at high speeds, the switching from sink to source is handled
with no trouble. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
A full-feature battery emulator is able to:</h3>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ol>
<li>Alter its output to source the needed current and voltage
provided to the mobile system load.</li>
<li>Set its output within seconds unlike a real battery which
may demand much longer to arrive at its fully-charged voltage (under the
assumption that it was discharged).</li>
<li>Sink current, which makes it possible for the functioning
of the battery charger to be verified.</li>
<li>Emulate the internal (series) resistance of the battery to
measure the response of the system.</li>
<li>Replicate battery noise to take a look at the system's
reaction.</li>
</ol>
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A full-feature <u><a href="http://www.accelinstruments.com/Applications/TS200/Battery-Simulator-AppNote.html">battery emulator</a></u> is really a power supply
that is able to sink and source current. It utilizes a kind of power supply
called 2-quadrant or, if the voltage is negative, four-quadrant. Alternatively,
a regular power supply can source current but lacks the ability to sink
current. The typical source-only power supply employs output transistor that is
designed to source current (Figure 1). The simulator (Figure 2) contains two
power transistors at the output: one that sources and the other that sinks
current. Additionally, it can quickly switch from sink to source current
without creating any issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLv2dFQYzd7Gpwx2TQU9TUvsg3QD3yP_b5scxU5DOvE2ofC8O-y8pP0YjyilkOrbnNzCKAlPUX_wCGfGSzTpVeCsoxe4hpC9QQZVQdCyVtYlvB36tsxoUZsmNNjVW-2vfD2_zDiuPgyts/s1600/Figure+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLv2dFQYzd7Gpwx2TQU9TUvsg3QD3yP_b5scxU5DOvE2ofC8O-y8pP0YjyilkOrbnNzCKAlPUX_wCGfGSzTpVeCsoxe4hpC9QQZVQdCyVtYlvB36tsxoUZsmNNjVW-2vfD2_zDiuPgyts/s320/Figure+1.png" title="Normal power supply circuit" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 1. A simplified version of the traditional power supply
circuit. It uses a singular output transistor meaning it can only sourcing
current.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlrLrxGt0TBYjMDglOk99hmdCcKBSjoXKnCWyhsR8oHpHHHYipBKYtHiYuc7IdMQvGncM91MqcN05PNxa50OcGwTUSD-h4NSDJdgxAvaDVGkco-nQNlpsEOxleBrbqeCA3R3_HEzRBytA/s1600/Figure+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlrLrxGt0TBYjMDglOk99hmdCcKBSjoXKnCWyhsR8oHpHHHYipBKYtHiYuc7IdMQvGncM91MqcN05PNxa50OcGwTUSD-h4NSDJdgxAvaDVGkco-nQNlpsEOxleBrbqeCA3R3_HEzRBytA/s320/Figure+2.png" title="Battery emulator circuit with two power transistors" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 2. Simplified emulator power supply circuit. It can source/sink
current by employing two output power transistors.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Figure 3 represents the equivalent circuit of the TS250
Waveform Amplifier displayed in Figure 4. The TS250 possesses the qualities
required for a battery emulator. It can source and sink current the same way a
realistic battery does. Its DC Offset control modifies the output voltage which
mimics modifications in the battery voltage. Input impedance is typically
either 1kO or 50O, which achieves the minimum amount of noise. TS250 features a
selectable gain is either 20dB or 0dB. Several fault protections are included: over-heating
(thermal), output over-current, input under-voltage, and input over-voltage.
The TS250 is a high current amplifier so it can additionally be utilized to
create battery noise like voltage ripple as well as transient voltage spikes.
The TS250 accepts universal AC input power input from 105VAC to 230VAC and 50/60Hz.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvS6XSFVgcKPmxIe2IIbiV7OccJfye-D2EY2O6JAwtSEdGJNInEaYtvc7067UOV9_hcLA50svHK_HlH8Dlsim_GncaOIJBm3pu77A2bdQubvNjceXncaz1FAIVT1i9GKcytuPztdxRErw/s1600/Figure+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvS6XSFVgcKPmxIe2IIbiV7OccJfye-D2EY2O6JAwtSEdGJNInEaYtvc7067UOV9_hcLA50svHK_HlH8Dlsim_GncaOIJBm3pu77A2bdQubvNjceXncaz1FAIVT1i9GKcytuPztdxRErw/s320/Figure+3.png" title="Battery simulator amplifier simplified diagram." width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 3. Simplified high-Current amplifier circuit use for battery
simulation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmiR_sYTZrRHflyiGxEsYOuA0DYs7EBZd7En35KJThqtAtrh9KS4mmz7c1ZvZ8fYfsRi5G-hqYPP-84P0d4C1O-cbcbAw63cLLL55En2lAAyzXefb54T3EnmOqOcmW1pMsFPdAW9OHb7U/s1600/Figure+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmiR_sYTZrRHflyiGxEsYOuA0DYs7EBZd7En35KJThqtAtrh9KS4mmz7c1ZvZ8fYfsRi5G-hqYPP-84P0d4C1O-cbcbAw63cLLL55En2lAAyzXefb54T3EnmOqOcmW1pMsFPdAW9OHb7U/s400/Figure+4.jpg" title="TS250 waveform amplifier used for battery emulation." width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 4. TS250 Current Amplifier put to use as an emulator. It
features dual LCD displays: One for current and one for voltage.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
Use Emulator to Test Battery Chargers</h3>
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The battery emulator or simulator can evaluate the
performance of chargers to make certain they are dependable and are able to
correctly recharge batteries. A battery could require a sizable period of time
to discharge to permit its associated charger to be analyzed; conversely, an
emulator can imitate a drained battery voltage in just a few seconds. A full function
simulator does not need a long wait to test if a charger functions the way it
is supposed to and meets its specs. A battery simulator can replicate an
overcharged battery and can also replicate a wrong battery model type. In the
event of a system not working correctly, an emulator can easily create “battery
voltage” from high-to-low and low-to-high so that the circumstances under which
the failure took place can be found. <o:p></o:p></div>
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A <i>battery simulator </i>is normally used for testing the
operation of the charger within the entire battery voltage (which is from 0
volts to 4.2 volts for li-ion batteries). For instance, the typical operating
voltage for a li-ion battery is 3.0 volts to 4.2 volts, but the voltage can be
from 0V to 3.0 volts if it is mostly depleted. The charger has to be tested to
be certain that it is able to charge a battery which is at any voltage inside a
certain limit. By using a battery emulator, you can imitate the battery at any
voltage by just adjusting the output voltage. Designer can measure the charger
current at the low battery voltage (under 3 volts for a li-ion), normal voltage
(3 volts to ~4.2 volts), and high voltage (over 4.2 volts) to investigate its
full-charged output. For instance, a lithium-ion battery usually utilizes a
constant-current-constant-voltage (CC/CV) charging method. Starting at low
voltage (below 3.0 volts), the battery is trickle charged with a low current
(which is one-tenth of the usual charge current). Between 3.0 volts and ~4.2
volts is the regular fast charge current. When the battery voltage reaches 4.2
volts, it enters a constant-voltage mode in which the voltage is held constant,
at the same time the charger current is slowly reduced. Figure 5 shows a
detailed CC/CV lithium battery charging profile.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBrBGeBN84vaImk2iVMA-M-5H6nBfW8N1R9H-3jCIDIW9ZAGhNSjTQJoxeyfgb-mvzl29bf-qIkKoHAyBQofs9OBwnjwmfC44OxygsZiW73lwrZjPR1Xd_cvLzeyN6bHkCeAzYXpcmVJM/s1600/Figure+5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBrBGeBN84vaImk2iVMA-M-5H6nBfW8N1R9H-3jCIDIW9ZAGhNSjTQJoxeyfgb-mvzl29bf-qIkKoHAyBQofs9OBwnjwmfC44OxygsZiW73lwrZjPR1Xd_cvLzeyN6bHkCeAzYXpcmVJM/s400/Figure+5.png" title="Charging profile for when tested using emulator test equipment." width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 5. Current/voltage profile for a Constant Current/ Constant
Voltage (CC/CV) charger.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRcBdYqi0KNIofU_WxHPLqnilyWRu28F2aXmleO4yQ4vpy1SOITpXlHL3Olp2twbovck-r9MfXCHAralkfIGJ2rNN_PCk1lbe8Ps4zXK9sTy261OSRGqO3DsqOBa3TyZkbeSQtqIByfSw/s1600/Figure+6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRcBdYqi0KNIofU_WxHPLqnilyWRu28F2aXmleO4yQ4vpy1SOITpXlHL3Olp2twbovck-r9MfXCHAralkfIGJ2rNN_PCk1lbe8Ps4zXK9sTy261OSRGqO3DsqOBa3TyZkbeSQtqIByfSw/s640/Figure+6.png" title="Battery simulator connection diagram" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 6. TS250 battery simulator is used to confirm the cell-balance
and charger's specs and functions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Like Figure 6 shows, the output of the TS250 <b>battery
emulator</b> is linked to the mobile system's battery connectors. The emulator
takes the spot of the battery pack. To test the charger, change the DC-OFFSET
control to change the simulated battery voltage while taking note of the
charging current. Move the output voltage of the emulator from low to high and
high-to- low to show how the charger is reacting to changes.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h4>
<br />Emulate ESR</h4>
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A simulator can simulate battery’s internal resistance or
equivalent series resistance (ESR). Battery ESR is non-static (dynamic) and
depended on frequency. As demonstrated in Figure 7, ESR is modeled as a
resistor in series with a battery. Additionally, Electric Static Resistance
changes with changes in battery capacity, chemistry, state-of-charge, age,
temperature, and more. An emulator is able to alter these characteristics
without difficulty in order to replicate different types of batteries and
capacities and battery temperatures. The simulator's settings have the
capability to artificially transform the health of a battery with regards to
temperature, size, and various other factors.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlkAKDWMrt59hOsbAQ4anIYkUWfw9DNkLbZT3h0qQNvZaWGlMEDQpgCx_kNTuFD9ameX31SePp1AisM0f1m4HwGna6xu7Lhxu0oaI4g9zjyF_swO3x5KpPGHUd2cEPR0aj1YidM45eXpY/s1600/Figure+7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlkAKDWMrt59hOsbAQ4anIYkUWfw9DNkLbZT3h0qQNvZaWGlMEDQpgCx_kNTuFD9ameX31SePp1AisM0f1m4HwGna6xu7Lhxu0oaI4g9zjyF_swO3x5KpPGHUd2cEPR0aj1YidM45eXpY/s200/Figure+7.png" title="Battery emulator using a resistor for ESR." width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 7. Battery Electric Static Resistance is emulated with a
resistor in series.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<h3>
Test Cell-Balance Using Battery Simulator</h3>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Another fundamental use of battery emulator/simulator is to
emulate a series-connected battery inside a cell pack. Various medium-power
mobile systems utilize several batteries connected in series inside a pack.
These batteries are primarily lithium-ion or lithium-iron-phosphate. Popular
configurations are two-, three-, four-, and six-battery cells in series. Attaching
batteries in series boosts the input voltage of the system and makes it
possible to supply electrical power more efficiently. As a result of variations
in voltage output from one cell to the next, it is possible that most of the
cells within a pack may not be at the exact same voltages. In addition, there
are cases in which one or more of the batteries are damaged or broken. When charging
cells connected in series, it is possible that some of the cells are
undercharged and some battery cells are over-charged. Without the use of cell
balancing, the designer might deliberately under-charge the battery pack to
prevent over-charging any of the batteries. Therefore, cell balancing is
required to achieve the peak battery capacity as well as retaining battery pack
safety.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As displayed in Figure 8, at the time one of the batteries
nears being fully charged, the active cell balance circuit diverts a part of
the charging current away from that specific battery while sustaining a large
current for the two under-charged batteries. As the battery is getting close to
full, the charging current continues to scale back. This method is carried on
until all three batteries are completely charged.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3f7axZtUueDdb-eLQ2oC35-F8iaqJbssXZkkgoI3SpypCS7en4xvr9DEehViqRoIR8U8ARg3YmRF5WVUDoVCVCF3ZdH2CA5nh6EPOmuwntZnGhLmqGDhLRjVzXQinBtbD0OQig3mom_s/s1600/Figure+8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3f7axZtUueDdb-eLQ2oC35-F8iaqJbssXZkkgoI3SpypCS7en4xvr9DEehViqRoIR8U8ARg3YmRF5WVUDoVCVCF3ZdH2CA5nh6EPOmuwntZnGhLmqGDhLRjVzXQinBtbD0OQig3mom_s/s320/Figure+8.png" title="Example of cell balance circuit." width="213" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 8. When one of the batteries is near being fully charged,
the charging current is adverted through the active cell balance circuit.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiSPiZCWvdinXeEppV7zYGy2256ExeOyGNeTF-8IvSEuxmAe2cmtMvQI-GWBNwCZhDMkveOA-DnTC0s4RY-XGI-WVgo4sj-Ll7bdqRte6hL6iYvBP-7heDab4kpxrhH9LChzLvb_bMw4M/s1600/Figure+9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiSPiZCWvdinXeEppV7zYGy2256ExeOyGNeTF-8IvSEuxmAe2cmtMvQI-GWBNwCZhDMkveOA-DnTC0s4RY-XGI-WVgo4sj-Ll7bdqRte6hL6iYvBP-7heDab4kpxrhH9LChzLvb_bMw4M/s400/Figure+9.png" title="Using simulators to test active cell-balance circuitry." width="356" /></a></td></tr>
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Figure 9. Three simulators are being used to test the charger and
the cell balancing circuitry.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The charger, along with the balance circuitry, need to be
carefully evaluated during the entire design stage. To evaluate the cell
balancing circuit needs at least one battery simulator. Design engineers can
replicate a number of cases where that battery is out-of-balance to monitor the
manner in which the cell balancing circuits respond. As depicted by Fig. 9, all
emulator can change its voltage on their own. In this way, it is pretty easy to
change each emulated battery voltage to imitate a cell as either undercharged, depleted,
full, over-charged, or damaged. System engineers are able to very easily
simulate many combinations of these above mentioned battery scenarios (fully
charged, over-charged, under-charged, or defective) to stress test the charger
and also the cell balance circuit. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The TS250 emulator also includes a built-in current monitor.
In case where the simulated cell is over charged (more than 4.2V which usually
shouldn't occur), there should not be any kind of charging current to that specific
cell. Other battery cells should still be charging like normal. If one of the
emulated batteries falls under the safe voltage limit (for example, fewer than
3v), the balance-circuit should either block the charger from commencing rapid
charging (by remaining in trickle charge), or it could stop high charging
current to that battery. The charger and cell-balance circuit behavior is
depended on the charging system design, both hardware and software. There could
be many charging behaviors and outcomes. Every one of the possible behaviors
has to be evaluated.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In conclusion, simulator offers huge efficient ways of
verify portable systems. To help save a lot of time, test engineers can control
the "battery" to any voltage at the changing the control knob. It
will sink and source current much like a real battery would. A number of battery
emulators are often necessary emulate multiple cells for verifying balancing-circuit
along with charger circuit.<o:p></o:p></div>
Accel Instrumentshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08629384807256494569noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1033473249604818023.post-12928303900017494022015-11-24T11:48:00.000-08:002016-05-24T22:59:08.339-07:00Battery Simulator Primer<h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Introduction</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Almost all mobile devices such cell
phones have battery and battery charger built-in. During product development,
there is a need for <b>battery simulator</b> to properly testing these mobile
devices, especially the charging circuitry. Recent advances in rechargeable battery
technologies such as those lithium-ion and lithium iron phosphate high energy
density batteries are being used in many mobile devices such as cell phones and
tablets. These battery-powered portable devices required thorough bench testing
during the development phase. As will be discussed later, battery simulator is
an important piece of test equipment for lab bench testing.</span></div>
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</h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">What is a Battery Simulator?</span></b></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">A <a href="http://www.accelinstruments.com/Applications/TS200/Battery-Simulator-AppNote.html"><u>battery simulator</u></a> is an
electronics device that emulates many real battery characteristics. These
characteristics are voltage, power, current, ESR, and more. It provides the
necessary voltage, power, and current to the mobile system like a real battery
does. The mobile device will not know the difference between a real battery and
a simulator. When charged, a battery simulator will sink current; when not
charge, it will sources current to the mobile system load. Battery simulator
can seamlessly transition between source and sink current without glitch even
at high transitional speed. It is a very convenient bench testing tool for test
battery-powered devices and system.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">When a real battery is being charged,
its voltage is slowly rise and may take hours to arrive at its final voltage. A
battery simulator on the other hand, its output voltage can easily be
controlled by a knob or a computer program, and can reach the final voltage in
seconds. Battery simulator is ideal for testing battery chargers.</span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Why Using Battery Simulator</span></b></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The purpose of a <i>battery simulator</i> is to
replace the battery in a mobile device with an emulated “battery”. Usually a
battery simulator is replacing the battery for testing purpose. The mobile
device operation and performance are generally not impacted by it. It enables
engineers conveniently and thoroughly tests these portable systems both during product
developments and mass production. Below are some examples why battery simulators
are important test equipment.</span></div>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Charger Testing</span></b></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Most mobile electronic devices have
built-in charger circuitry that recharges the battery. During product
development and mass production testing, the charger circuit must be thoroughly
tested to ensure its reliability and safely chargers batteries. A typical
battery charging cycle, from dead battery to full, may take up to several hours
complete. If the battery charger is tested with a real battery, it will take
hours. A battery simulator can quickly adjust its output voltage from 0V (dead
battery) to 4.2V (fully charged) in just seconds. It enables test engineers to
quickly test a battery charger. Similarly it may take several days to discharge
a real battery in a mobile device, but a simulator can emulate the battery
being depleted in a matter of seconds. All of the while test engineers can
observe how the system and charger behave and measure the system to make sure
it meets all of the specifications without waiting for hours. Battery simulator
can simulate an overcharged battery or a wrong battery type. If a malfunction
is found in the system, a battery simulator is an indispensable piece of test equipment
for debugging, because engineer can easily simulate the battery voltage from
high to low and back-and-forth to find where the malfunction occurred. Battery
simulator is very important for charger circuit testing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Battery ESR and Temperature Simulation</span></b></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Advance battery simulator can even
emulate dynamic battery ESR (electric static resistance). Battery ESR is generally dynamic and frequency dependent. In addition, ESR changes with battery size </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 21.3333px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 16pt;">and </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 21.3333px;">capacity</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 16pt;">, state of charge, battery type, temperature, age, among others. An
advance emulator or simulator can easily change these characteristic to simulate various
type of battery cells and capacity, in addition to simulating battery temperature. An advance simulator can artificially changes the age of that battery, battery
temperature, battery size, just to name a few.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Testing Cell Balancing</span></b></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Another important application of simulator is to emulate a series-connected battery cells inside a battery pack. Many
medium-power mobile devices employ multiple cells connected in series within a pack. Often time these batteries are lithium-based such as lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4). Common configurations are 2, 3, 4, and 6 cells in
series. Series connecting these batteries increases the system input voltage and
deliver power more efficiently. Due to battery voltage variations from one cell to the
next, not all cells in a pack are at the same voltage. In rear cases,
one or two of the batteries are damaged or defected. When charged a series
connected battery cells, some cells will be over-charged and others
are under charged. Without cell balancing, system design engineers often
intentionally undercharge the battery cells to avoid potential overcharge a
battery cell. Therefore cell balancing is often needed to obtain the
most optimal battery energy as well as keeping the battery pack safe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></h4>
<h4 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Understand Battery Cell Balancing</span></b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Battery cell balancing is a process that
ensures each cell in a pack is charged to their optimal capacity. It also
ensures batteries are neither overcharge nor undercharge. This is usually
achieved by using a balancing circuit is to divert charges away from
fully-charged batteries to the uncharged batteries. As shown in Figure <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">1</span>,
when one of the cells is closer to fully charged, the cell balancing
circuitry diverts some of the charging current away from that cell while maintaining high
charging current to the two undercharged cells. As the battery is approaching
fully-charged, charging current is continued to reduce. The process continues
until all three batteries are full-charged.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxSus_bAb-kkWYzCceHaaUg-6P_e_HX6Rh1FGrnN4YGhZq74e0oYkAEUNj4Ry-nJnn96Ujc29WwTGGaq4L_q77H9CCHbUvpgUVpAvyxpiDQ_DmN31QgZNUYoMCCxARDdDIkX-rrxETFA/s1600/Cell-Balancing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="When one of the cell is nearly full, charging current is diverted by the cell balancing circuit." border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxSus_bAb-kkWYzCceHaaUg-6P_e_HX6Rh1FGrnN4YGhZq74e0oYkAEUNj4Ry-nJnn96Ujc29WwTGGaq4L_q77H9CCHbUvpgUVpAvyxpiDQ_DmN31QgZNUYoMCCxARDdDIkX-rrxETFA/s400/Cell-Balancing.png" title="Understand Battery Cell Balancing" width="266" /></a></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Figure 1. Si<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">mpli<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">f<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ied battery cell </span>balanc<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ing </span>concept showing the t<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">op battery is nearly full<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> and re<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">duc<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">ing</span> charging current.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Stress Test Cell Balancing Circuitry</span></b></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal;">The balancing circuitry as well as the
charger itself must be properly tested during product development. To
efficiently test the cell-balancing circuit, one or more battery simulators are
needed. Design engineers can simulate one or more battery is being out of balance
to stress test how the battery cell balancing circuits reacts. As shown in
figure <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2</span>, each simulator/emulator can adjust its voltage independently. By doing so, it
is quite easy to adjust each emulated battery voltage to mimic a battery is
either </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: normal;">full, </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal;">undercharged, overcharged, dead-battery, or damaged. Test
engineers can easily simulate any combinations of the above mentioned battery cell conditions (</span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: normal;">undercharged, </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: normal;">overcharged, </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: normal;">fully charged, or damaged) to stress
test both the </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: normal;">cell balancing and the </span><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">charger </span><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;">circuitry</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">. In conclusion battery simulators
are ideal for testing battery charger and battery cell balance circuitry.</span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"></span><br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-x7ynV2ogIGNVWxxK43wSrqGx6lzn2DGKTnLynHvPuUeY9dLlfbr241eDkoT6sb3DqaM5SALOgJtL9e2TFbqOXZ08Wrq6QVqZEIz33MhZ_7FirEWiU3y7LlCinQb6DXyprFwWRphooz8/s1600/Cell-Balance-Testing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Three battery simulators are used to test the charger and cell balancing circuits." border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-x7ynV2ogIGNVWxxK43wSrqGx6lzn2DGKTnLynHvPuUeY9dLlfbr241eDkoT6sb3DqaM5SALOgJtL9e2TFbqOXZ08Wrq6QVqZEIz33MhZ_7FirEWiU3y7LlCinQb6DXyprFwWRphooz8/s400/Cell-Balance-Testing.png" title="Using Simulators to Test Cell Balancing Circuit" width="295" /> </a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Figure 2. Three simulators are used to
test the charger and cell balancing circuitries.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: normal;">
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">How does a Battery Simulator Work?</span></b></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">In a nutshell, a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">battery simulator</i> is a special power supply that can sink and
source current. A real battery can do the same. This type of power supply is
sometimes called two-quadrant or four-quadrant (if voltage can be negative) power
supply. In the contrary, a typical lab power supply can only source current,
but cannot sink current. Therefore a bench power supply cannot be use as a
simulator. The battery simulator circuit and its ability to sink and source
current is depicted in Figure <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">3B</span>. A conventional source only power supply is
depicted with a single transistor for sourcing current. A simulator has two
power transistors: one for sourcing and one for sinking current. It can quickly
transitions between sink and source current without any glitch.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH5cjNGVMWV2OP9lIqQy2rANOmz8_fu7Lue_uoJNG-h_Wvu19j-55gl_ca3dBzi6AN7J9sKWg8taxMB9kfDof_9Tt1xpYXFpbcxYWFGl-QI5h9pY2truEvSmrCov_d5HnBMzKvRFVsXHQ/s1600/Sink-Source.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simulator power supply can sink and source, but conventional power can only source current." border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH5cjNGVMWV2OP9lIqQy2rANOmz8_fu7Lue_uoJNG-h_Wvu19j-55gl_ca3dBzi6AN7J9sKWg8taxMB9kfDof_9Tt1xpYXFpbcxYWFGl-QI5h9pY2truEvSmrCov_d5HnBMzKvRFVsXHQ/s640/Sink-Source.png" title="Compare Conventional and Simulator Power Supplies" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">How to Use a Battery Simulator</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">The purpose of a battery simulator is to
replace a real battery for fast and efficiently test battery chargers and mobile
systems. The TS250 and the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">TS200 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">are designed to simulate a battery. They
can sink and source current as a real battery does. They can also be used to
simulate battery noise such as ripples and voltage transient for system
testing.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">As shown in Figure <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">4</span>, the TS200/TS50
battery simulator output is connected to a mobile system charger’s battery
terminals. They are taken place of a battery. Use the DC OFFSET knob to adjust
the emulated battery voltage, at the same time monitor the charging current.
Adjust the battery simulator output voltage from low to high and back to
observe the charger behavior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWMyJT-pnjEo_LPag3lThj4pjO-c7d4Jr4_ZuKRpg-bGQkuVtJf2uVEd16_Vnmf8z2lKKP7ZOcy3Lhw2S2ClU3u0QhfKA_a_F3rOxewKTgnp1xtT8-fM3nJOww-R_Od7aezAFvYDyfqkk/s1600/Batt-Sim-Connection.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Using TS250 to test battery a charger." border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWMyJT-pnjEo_LPag3lThj4pjO-c7d4Jr4_ZuKRpg-bGQkuVtJf2uVEd16_Vnmf8z2lKKP7ZOcy3Lhw2S2ClU3u0QhfKA_a_F3rOxewKTgnp1xtT8-fM3nJOww-R_Od7aezAFvYDyfqkk/s640/Batt-Sim-Connection.png" title="Testing Battery Charger Using a Simulator" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Figure <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">4</span>. TS250 Battery simulator and
battery noise generator is used to test chargers</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></b></span></div>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Conclusion</span></b></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Battery simulator is a very important
equipment for testing mobile devices with a battery charger circuitry. Common
batteries used for today’ portable systems are lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO),
lithium ion (Li+), lithium polymer, nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickle cadmium
(NiCd), and lead-acid. Most battery simulators can emulate these batteries for
testing battery charger and system. Battery simulator is ideal for both bench
testing during product development and fast testing during mass production.</span></div>
Accel Instrumentshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08629384807256494569noreply@blogger.com1